Gathering of the Greatest Minds Throughout History

  

  This is School of Athens by Raphael. I chose this painting after I read about it in our Zophy text book. The concept of Raphael's painting is incredible. This is "...a glorious, humanist tribute to many of the legendary sages of antiquity"(Zophy, 98-99). It places all of the greatest minds in history together disusing their theories in one setting, a school in Athens. This painting contains Aristotle, Plato, Pythagoras, Ptolemy, Diogenes, and even a self portrait of himself.
  Raphael painted School of Athens when he was only 27 years old. He was asked by Pope Julius II to paint this piece. It is located in the Stanza della segnatura room in the papal palace, which is in Vatican City. Raphael painted it in 1509 to 1511. It is amazing to me how a painter so young could be asked to paint a piece so important in such a revered place, and none the less, by the pope himself. I wonder why the pope would have a painting with different philosophers and mathematicians from ancient Greece instead of Christ or the Virgin Mary?

Sources:   http://www.vatican-patrons.org/raphael.htm

The Birth of Venus

          The Birth of Venus is a painting by Sandro Botticelli done in 1486. We briefly talked about the painting in class on Wednesday but I decided to do some more research on the magnificent piece of work to full understand what is going on in the painting. 

          The painting shows goddess Venus, emerging from the shore by Zephyr (Greek God of the west wind) and a nymph, as a fully grown (and fully naked) woman.  When you look to your right of the picture you see a woman in a dress quickly going to cover Venus with a cloak. According to our textbook "A short history of Renaissance and Reformation" by Jonathon W. Zophy, it is perhaps a "symbol of civilization". After doing some research on the internet other interpreters think the woman, Grace, is covering Venus because she appears to be very modest. She is trying to cover herself with her hands and her hair. 

Here are some other paintings inspired by The Birth of Venus.

The birth of Venus by 19th century painter
 William-Adolphe Bouguereau.

Birth of Venus by french artist Alexandre Cabanel.

          

"David with the Head of Goliath" (Caravaggio)

Caravaggio’s David is a serious classic in the imagery of death and allegory. Although Caravaggio did not actually capture a literal execution scene as in "Judith Killing Holofernes", we are still getting the full idea of life and death and the shot gun of baggage that comes with it. 

What's so interesting is how David almost appears to be not only the hero, but, kind of a judge of the situation as well. On one side, yes, he has saved the people from Goliath's wrath but also we see that he is assuming the responsibility of taking Goliath's life as well. 

It's through this horrific scene, that we sort of see yet another rising theme of the time in which Caravaggio seems to have made this piece a portrait. If you look at the picture below you can see the resemblance between Goliath and Caravaggio himself.

This speculation comes to rise because in 1606, Caravaggio did murder a man (with a dagger like sword). With what one assumes as a guilty conscience and relapse in bad memory, perhaps it wasn't by artist imagination that the sword and look-alike Goliath show up in this biblical interpretation. Nonetheless, between the emotion and the story displayed in this baroque style seems to be a perfect fit for the need of exaggerated motion and drama of this time period.

-Courtney Carr-McClure

http://www.artbible.info/art/large/435.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_with_the_Head_of_Goliath_(Caravaggio),_Vienna

http://www.artble.com/artists/caravaggio/more_information/style_and_technique

The Mona Lisa.

The Mona Lisa is the most famous painting/portrait in the world today. Historians think this because of the theft that occurred in the early 20^th century. It took investigators and detectives 2 years to search for the painting.  However it wasn’t until November 1913 where an Italian art dealer Alfredo Geri received a letter from a person calling himself Leonardo. The letter stated that the Mina Lisa was in Florence and would be returned for a ransom but when Perugia (the alleged Leonardo) attempted to receive the ransom he was captured, with the painting unharmed.

            The Mona Lisa served as the main inspiration for occidental portrait painting. (PBS) There are several techniques Da Vinci uses one of which is the sfumato, which means vanished or evaporated. This technique is simple creating an “imperceptible transition between light and shade and sometimes with colours,  almost painting without boarders.  Something I found interesting when watching the Khan Academy video is the difference in the landscape from her head up and the from the neck below. The landscape below her neck seems like an inhabited landscape with a bridge and winding roads while the scenery at the top of the painting almost seems mysterious and space like. A quote I found gives a better description as to what he thinks it could be. “"The background may be a representation of the universe, with mountains, plains and rivers. Or possibly it is both reality and the world of dream. One could suppose that the landscape doesn't exist, that it is the young woman's own dream world." (Cuzin)

            Lastly, there is great controversy surrounding her smile however I think the bigger controversy, something relatively new is the notion that the muse for the Mona Lisa could be a man.  He goes by the name Gian Giacomo Caprotti,also known as Salai. He worked as Leonardo’s apprentice and they were rumored lovers.  Silvano Vinceti, a researcher who has closely studied the Mona Lisa using a state-of-the-art high magnification techniques claims he found the letter “S” in the models eyes which could be homage to Salai. But nothing is for certain. Even though we didn’t discuss the Mona Lisa It was a painting that I was very curious to learn more about it. I decided to blog about this because of the debate on weather or no the model was man, something i found very intregueing because i never questioned the gender of the Mona Lisa before. I personally cannot decide especially after I found this quote from an article from a professor at Milan’s Politecico University

“All Leonardo’s subjects look like each other because he represents an abstract ideal of beauty” (Bentley)

Sources:

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/theft-of-mona-lisa-is-discovered

http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/mona_lisa/mlevel_1/m3technique.html

http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/leonardo-mona-lisa.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1352915/Mona-Lisa-model-man-Was-Leonardo-da-Vincis-male-apprentice-model.html

Botticelli: The Birth of Spring

This may be cheating a little because I talked about this piece in class but, you only live once, right?

The origins of this piece are disputed. Among these disputes is the original title of the piece, however, it is commonly referred to as "La Primavera" and "The Birth of Spring". From what I gathered, it is believed that this piece was probably created for the marriage of the cousin of Lorenzo d'Medici, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco, around 1478. In class, I brought up the idea that art of this time has some story or history beyond the piece itself, meaning that often there was an event or commissioning that the piece was specifically made for. In this case, it was to create a bond between the Medici and the Appiano, a wealthy family with ties to the mining business- of which Lorenzo d'Medici sought after.

La Primavera: Botticelli

c. 1478

The allegory of this painting, like most of its aspects, is also disputed among scholars. However, the commonly corroborated analysis is the one that I shared in class, that this painting depicts an allegory of marriage. What's interesting about this piece is that it depicts a pagan scene- full of Roman and Greek figures of mythology, but is set up very much like in ecclesiastical depiction of Mary. This painting embodies the spirit of the Renaissance in that Botticelli is bringing back to life the stories and figures of antiquity, while at the same time placing them in a relevent sacred context. If you notice, the figures are parted just so in order to make Venus the subject of your eye. Also, Botticelli has parted the branches behind her in a manner that gives her almost a heavenly glow or a halo- similar to what you would see in a depiction of Mary. As I mentioned in class, this depiction of Venus is drastically more prude than her typical sensual, nude poses. Here, she represents balance between wild and tame love and takes on a much more "motherly" Mary-esque role.

Refresher: the pagan characters that are represented are (from right); Zepherus, a wind god, Chloris, a nymph who then turns into Flora, goddess of Spring, then Venus, goddess of love, Cupid (above Venus), Venus' mischevious son, the Three Graces, representing the feminine virtues of  Chastity, Virtue and Love and Mercury, messenger of the gods. They tell the story of the trials and tribulations of love from Zephyrus raping and happily marrying Chloris/Flora to the three graces and Mercury wildly basking in their unclaimed, raw desire.

Do you think that it was Botticelli's intention to reference the Madonna in this piece?

Sources:
Harris, Beth, and Steve Zucker. Botticelli's Primavera. video. SmarthistoryWeb. 19 Sep 2013.              <http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/botticelli-primavera.html?                                                  searched=primavera&highlight=ajaxSearch_highlight ajaxSearch_highlight1>.
Garcia-Fenech, Giovanni. "Spring Mysteries:Botticelli's Primavera." Artstor. N.p., 20 03 2013.            Web. 19 Sep. 2013. <http://artstor.wordpress.com/2013/03/20/spring-mysteries-botticellis-            primavera/>.
http://www.uffizi.org/artworks/la-primavera-allegory-of-spring-by-sandro-botticelli/  

Two of a Kind

                   No you’re not seeing double, Leonardo Da Vinci actually painted two paints almost identical to each other. Rumor has it that he was promised a bonus if he finished the first version of the oil painting, but he was not happy with the bonus so he sold it to someone else. Then he had to recreate a second painting for the original buyer.

                   Normally, Mary is depicted as the queen of heaven. However, in this painting the Virgin Mary   on the ground, this type of representation is called Madonna of humility.

                   In typical Renaissance fashion Da Vinci puts a lot of detail into the background of the painting, to give it more of a 3-D effect.

                  

.                  and here is an interesting video about the paints….

                  

  Sources:

                   http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/leonardo-virgin-of-the-rocks.html

Florence Baptistery

                The Florence Baptistery, also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is dedicated to John the Baptist. Hence the second name. It was built between 1059 and 1128, in Tuscan Romanesque style. The style -though never getting very popular- influenced many famous architects of the time, including Filippo Brunelleschi. The Baptistery is designed in the shape of an octagon, the number eight being a symbol of regeneration in Christianity, standing for the six days of creation, the Day of Rest, and a day of re-creation through the Sacrament of Baptism.

 

                 The Baptistery hosts three bronze double doors; the south doors were done by Andrea Pisano, the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were later called by Michelangelo as the "Gates of Paradise". The Gates of Paradise contain ten separate pictures, each depicting a scene from the bible: Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, the drunkenness of Noah, Abraham and Isaac, Esau and Jacob, Joseph sold into slavery, Moses and the ten commandments, the fall of Jericho, David and Goliath, and Solomon and the queen of Sheba.

Random fact that I'm to tired to fit in: Dante Alighieri was baptized here, along with many members of the Medici family.

 

 

The Fountain of Neptune

Bartolomeo Ammanati sculpted the Fountain of Neptune for the wedding of Francesco de' Medici and Giovanna d'Austria in 1565. However, the fountain was not completed until 1570 and  not unveiled until 1575. The Web Gallery of Art claims that the statue itself was an allusion to Cosimo de Medici's ambitious plan to bring a steady water supply to the city of Florence, as well as set up a port at Livorno. The fountain is located in the Piazza della Signoria in Florence. Years before the statue's construction, Ammanati,  Bartolommeo Bandinelli, and Benvenuto Cellini vied to construct a monument in the Piazza della Signoria. When Bartolommeo died Bandineli died, Ammanati won mostly thanks to the support of fellow artists Michael Angelo and Giorgio Vasari.

The Fountain of Neptune exemplifies renaissance style art through its emphasis on the human body, particularly the male body. The god Neptune stands centered, surrounded by smaller male demi gods, all of whom are sculpted with exceptional detail, with great emphasis on muscles and realistic representation. Similar to Donatello's David, which is a representation of the Greek god Mercury, Ammanati's choice of the god Neptune as the subject of his sculpture is an example of the classical era revival of the renaissance period.  Even the origin of the statue's creation symbolizes the Italian renaissance. Competition within renaissance era Italy helped to drive the emergence of culture within the Italian peninsula. The fact that the origin of the statue is rooted in competition epitomizes the values emerging in renaissance era Florence.

http://www.wga.hu/html_m/a/ammanati/neptune1.html

Breaking the Social Norm

Artemisia Gentileschi was one of the most famous woman artists of her time.  The fact that she beat out the social norm by becoming a renowned female painter is truly amazing.  Gentileschi, rather than paint classic portraiture that women were limited to, painted more religious and historical things.  Born in Rome, she studied art under the eye of Agostino Tassi, an artist friend of her father.  In 1611 she was brutally raped by Tassi and eventually won her case after an accomplice of Tassi's switched sides in her favor.  Of course, because women were not valued completely as human beings and rape was considered a light offense in the time, Tassi only had to serve eight months in prison (Zophy 103).  The trauma she suffered in her early years of life really made an impact on her painting style.  She put all of those dark feelings of pain into her later works, implementing the usage of chiaroscuro, dramatic realism, and graphic imagery.

"Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting"

One such painting Gentileschi completed later on was a self portrait that portrayed herself as the epitome of the Arts.  This was an extremely bold move because hardly any women of the time were allowed to paint much less depict themselves in a picture.  Something very unique about this painting in particular is its effective use of chiaroscuro.  There seems to be no light source, and the light itself is very harsh and is clearly separated from the darker parts of the picture.  There's also a lot of magnificent 'implied texture' (or basically the illusion of texture for you non-art-major folks) happening, with her wisps of hair and the folds in her sleeve as well as her slightly dirty hands.  This adds a sense of well played naturalism.  This piece was very controversial in its day because Gentileschi conveyed the art of painting as empowering to women rather than demeaning, which is what I believed sort of helped spark a rising up of women painters.  Some in the past and also today say that she was egotistical to paint herself in such a dignified light, but in my opinion it represents what she achieved as an artist, but also a woman.  

Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_(Artemisia_Gentileschi)

http://www.artemisia-gentileschi.com/index.shtml

Renaissance and Reformation Europe, Zophy   

Portrait of a Man

Portrait of a Man (about 1475-6)

Portrait of a Man? That sounds pretty unspectacular, doesn’t it? But look at the picture for an instance: Who is that guy? Why does he stare at us like that? And why couldn’t he even shave properly for his own portrait?

             

Let’s start with the artist of this painting: Antonello da Messina. He was born around 1430 in Sicily and trained in Naples. At that time the city was pretty much a cosmopolitan art center, which means Antonello probably got to know the Flemish artists such as Jan van Eyck (who painted the Arnolfini Portrait we discussed in class). Vasari made up the legend, in which Messina studied with van Eyck in Flanders and after that actually introduced the art of oil painting in Italy. Modern art historians very much doubt this story but it can’t be denied though, that Messina was one of the first artists in Italy, who worked with this new method. In class we talked about how oil paint qualifies for a detailed and precise way of painting.

            In this portrait Antonello shows us exactly this feature, which made oil painting so popular. The face of the man is painted in an exceedingly fine and realistic way. We can point out his beard stubble with the pores just darkening, the hair, which is sticking out under the red cap, the smooth skin tones; even the blouse looks as if one can feel the soft leather of it. (For a closer view click here!) Antonello portrayed this man in remarkably details, which celebrates the new Renaissance art of painting.

            We discussed the fact, that portraits became more important during the Renaissance in class. Antonello though takes a step forward. He doesn’t just present us a typical Italian noble man, who commissioned his own portrait but an unknown middle-upper class man*, who above all sees us directly in the eyes. It is a look with emotional strength and intelligence. The look of a Renaissance man, who seems to has more important things to think about than shaving.            

With this post I wanted to introduce you to another brilliant painter, who is not mentioned in our textbook but who definitely exercised the art of oil painting in an astonishing way.

Sources:

http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/aug/11/art

http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/antonello-da-messina-portrait-of-a-man

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/28746/Antonello-da-Messina

*According to Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_%28Antonello_da_Messina,_London%29

Michelangelo's Moses

Michelangelo was what some would consider a renaissance man. He traveled a lot between Florence and Rome.On one of these trips to Rome, he was commissioned by Pope Julius II, also referred to as Papa Terrible, to build his tomb. The tomb was to be three stories tall and full of sculptures. Because of the time restraints and the Pope having michelangelo do other works of art as well, Michelangelo was only able to complete three of the statues.

One of the statues that Michelangelo was able to complete was Moses. Michelangelo put great detail in the human form trying to make it as real as possible. Moses has great detail in his beard because the sculpture was originally supposed to be on the second floor with people looking up at it. Michelangelo said that to make his sculptures he envisions what he wants the sculpture to look like and then takes away the exterior to reveal his art.

Goddess of love

As we learn from class,  artists such as Titian and many more were intrigued by religious scenes and themes from classical Greeks and Roman mythology. Therefore i chose Titian Venus of Urbino. This painting was completed in 1538 for the duke of Camerino. (Zophy 100) Zophy describes Titian's sensual goddess of love has just been awakened, looking at us with a calculating stare.(100) which is quite extraordinary, i don't remember viewing another painting especially a women who is naked and staring at the painter. Which i find portrays her as very confident. I also really like the details of realism and depth that Titian brings about her hair. It shows Venus as a lovely lady even if shes naked and staring at us. Zophy continues to explains in the background a servant looks for something in a clothes chest while another splendidly dressed woman looks on. (100) Which i am not clear on Titian message about this painting background, i wonder why he added the fully dressed women looking at the servant digging for clothes in the chest. hmm..

The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci, possibly one of the greatest all around talents of the Renaissance, composed many artistic works.  One of his most famous works, known as The Last Supper, is a household staple for people of all kinds.  According to arthistory.com, it is the most reproduced image portraying religion. It took three years, from 1495-1498 for da Vinci to complete his work.  This image reveals the biblical scene of Christ accompanied by the apostles.  Located on the wall of a dining hall inside of a Convent in Milan, Italy; da Vinci's masterpiece still astounds viewers today. 

As we take a closer look at the painting, we can see the many vibrant colors (or what is left) throughout the composition.  The wear and tear of years has taken some of the life out of the painting, but the decay of this image can also be attributed to Leonardo's methods of applications.  According to the website, da Vinci used a dry plaster for his painting instead of the more traditional methods of wet plaster.  Little did da Vinci know that this would be the downfall to his own masterpiece.  Within years the dry plaster would start to peel and tear apart.  Every since, historians have worked diligently to try and keep the painting restored.  Da Vinci's method of dry plaster was not intended for the damage of his painting, but instead to allow all of the colors and details to become more dramatically enhanced.  We can also notice that in this image, Christ has no feet.  According to the website, this is simply because modifications were made to the building after da Vinci had completed the painting and a door was added almost directly into the image.  As our book by Zophy explains, da Vinci was known for his incompletion of paintings.  However, the Last Supper was one of his few works that was fully completed (Zophy 96).  We can also see the great amount of detail within the painting.  each member portrayed in this work has their own personality and facial expression.  From left to right, it is evident that each character gives their own personal message. Da Vinci viewed real life human props to create his delightfully detailed depiction of the disciples and of Christ.  Such realism combined with the story and color has landed this image a spot in the history books for many years to come.

Sources: http://arthistory.about.com/cs/leonardo/a/last_supper.htm
Jonathan W. Zophy, A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe: Dances Over Fire and Water

Artemisia Gentileschi - "Judith Slaying Holofernes"

     Artemisia Gentileschi began her life quietly enough as the oldest child of a painter and his wife in Rome. Being born a girl gave her limited options to learn a trade, luckily for her though her younger brothers did not have a painting ability so her father trained her instead. Artemisia received more instruction from the master Caravaggio who was a friend of her father’s. She learned the usage of light and shade to amplify emotions under his tutelage. Unfortunately, for Artemisia her teacher died when she was only seventeen (Zophy 103). Even worse was following the death of her teacher, another painter friend of her father’s raped her. The court did find Agostino Tassi guilty of the charge but released him after a relatively short period, only eight months. For Artemisia, this signaled her time to leave Rome. Her father connected her to Christina de’Medici in Florence (Zophy 103). She received patronage from the Medici family and immediately moved to Florence. Thus in 1616 she became the first woman admitted to the Florentine Academy of Design (Zophy 103). This prestigious honor came at the perfect time, when her art was beginning to gain popularity in many circles of people, no longer just the Medici family.

     Her masterpiece focused on the biblical heroine Judith. She painted many different versions before creating the final one named Judith Slaying Holofernes (Zophy 103). Judith murdered the tyrant Holofernes and brought his head back to the Hebrews in the biblical story. Artemisia offers a very violent painting that shows the murder with the finesse of detail even with the strong story matter. The center of the painting shows Judith and her maidservant killing the tyrant Holofernes. Although this is considered part of Renaissance art considered Artemisia completed it in the year 1611, it is closer to early Baroque styles. Yet one can still see the usage of dramatic emotions, the use of Chiaroscuro, and most importantly, the naturalism of the characters depicted. Another key item in Artemisia’s style is the simplistic background; this is very different from the use of solid color during the Byzantine period. Artemisia’s simple backgrounds instead lend themselves to further focus the viewer on the story and not the minutiae of the background. Some claim that Artemisia created this masterpiece using the pent up rage from her own rape, now whether this is true or not does not matter. It is important to note though because the argument says that she created this purely from anger, instead of her own innate and learned talents.

-Jenn Kervian

Il Divino - Michelangelo

We briefly discussed Michelangelo's David at the end of class on Monday. This giant, freestanding statue, was created in 1501 up until 1504. It stands in the Galleria dell' Accademia in Florence. It is made out of Carrara marble, the same kind of marble that was used in Michelangelo's Pieta. The statue was originally intended to be placed in a niche high up on the Cathedral of Florence until it was completed. When Michelangelo revealed his work, they came upon a conclusion that " it was too beautiful to be placed up high" (smarthistory). Instead, the city of Florence decided to place it in front of the Signoria, which if we remember from class is the town hall, for all to see its divine beauty.
The picture to the right is from my visit to Florence in the summer of 2012. This is outside the Signoria where the original would have stood, now it is just a replica. And the picture below is the statue in the Galleria in Florence.

I have actually been to the Galleria dell' Accademia in Florence to see this statue. It is absolutely massive, smarthistory says it is over 14 feet tall. In this picture above you can really get an idea of how big the statue really is. If you look at the bottom you can see the heads of people standing in the crowd. I think the thing that everyone notices when they see this is first how big it is, then the precision and detail Michelangelo uses for the body of David. The detail of his muscles and entire body is so define, it is amazing to think that someone can produce such detail out of a block of marble. When Michelangelo made this statue he was fairly young, the only other major work he did was the Pieta that sits in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/Michelangelo-David.html
Renaissance and Reformation Europe textbook, Zophy. pp 110-111

Hidden Messages

                It was noted in class today that in the Moses in Pope Juilus II's tomb had a small set of horns on the head of the sculpture.  This has been debated by art historians that this could have possibly been a secret way Michelangelo showed his disdain for the Pope.  This sparked my interest and I decided to see if there have been any other hidden messages in Michelangelo's work.   One possibility could be in the paintings of the Sistine chapel.   The Separation of Light and Darkness which was most likely completed around 1512 is a panel in the Sistine Chapel, the entire ceiling took from 1508 to 1512 (I did take this information form wikipedia, it was just the dates so I figured it would be okay).  The painting of God represents a day in the creation of the Universe. It shows the creation of light and separation from darkness.  

 

                One highly unusual aspect of the painting is the neck of God.  The neck is very irregular and shows many different convolutions and exaggerations.  In addition there is a very defined fabric wrinkle running down the chest of God from his neck down to his torso that eventually splits into two cylinders.  One theory that has been suggested is that the neck is supposed to represent the human brain, and that the fabric extending down the neck represents the optic nerve.  Michelangelo was a huge enthusiast of anatomy and it is very likely that this was a hidden message in his painting, however we will never know with absolute certainty. This hidden message could mean several things.  One suggestion is that it is a comment on the clash between religion and scientific observation (Fields).

Sources can be found here:

Author: R. Douglas Fields

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2010/05/27/michelangelos-secret-message-in-the-sistine-chapel-a-juxtaposition-of-god-and-the-human-brain/

Choose your Layer: Dante/Catholic/Florentine-style

In last week's post, Alex asked us to think about our sins, and I know that many of you have been reflecting on that over the weekend. I wanted to help you out by analyzing in more detail an image from 1465 that I showed in class, "The Comedy Illuminating Florence." It was painted by Domenico di Michelino (d. 1498), who was a Florentine;  this image was displayed within the Florentine Duomo, or cathedral. Notice that the Duomo is also in the picture, as is Dante who truly takes center stage, offering Florence his great work (though he stands outside the city reflecting his exile).

The Divine Comedy, stood as a significant marker for the rebirth of society by later generations, though clearly it was written before the Renaissance. The fact that the image appeared in 1465 in the Duomo tells you much about the self-promotionalism of city-states. The poem that accompanies the painting calls Dante a "master-poet" and  a "father, wise and strong." You can read the epitaph here: www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/la-divina-commedia-di-dante-domenico-di-michelino-1465

The artifact below is indicative of several themes related to Florentine culture that we have been discussing in class. As Zophy remarks, Dante was the author of the The Divine Comedy a series of books on Hell, Purgatory and Paradise. The photograph below was taken from flickr.com, a site where travellers post travel images. Here the painting stands in the cathedral.

When looking at this image you see actually Mt. Purgatory, the doors are right there. And who is at the top? Someone fairly nice--love is in the air! It's Adam and Eve in Paradiso. That's where we want to be, right?  You heard me say that purgatory is not the worst place to be, and this kind of demonstrates that. At least there is a final goal; you simply need to work yourself up the mountain. But where is hell or inferno? It's on the left hand side of the top above image, where all the bodies are crouching in pain. A separate area for which there is NO return.

Finally I wanted to include this image, so you can place yourself more fully. What is your flaw? (one only though right?)